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The Stockpile · Pile 03 — The Fix List

Rathole or bridge? Diagnosing a plugged silo

A silo fails two different ways, and they want different fixes. Diagnose from the ground — before anyone touches the vessel.

4 min readUpdated Aug 2026

Two different diseases, one plugged silo

When a silo stops feeding, the plant says “it’s plugged” and reaches for whatever worked last time. But a silo fails in two distinct ways, and they want different fixes. Getting this diagnosis right is the difference between restoring flow and making it worse — sometimes dangerously worse.

The bridge (or arch)

Material forms a self-supporting arch across the outlet, like a stone bridge with the outlet as the span. Below it: nothing. Above it: the full inventory, waiting.

  • Signature: flow stops completely and suddenly. Discharge goes from normal to zero.
  • And then: when a bridge lets go — on its own or with help — the whole column above it can slam down at once. That surge is why unplugging a silo wrong is genuinely dangerous, and why nobody should ever be under an outlet, or inside a vessel, poking at a bridge.
  • Who gets it: cohesive materials — fine, moist, compressible. Outlets that are too small and hopper angles too shallow make any material bridge-prone.

The rathole (or pipe)

Flow carves a narrow channel straight down the middle, empties it, and stops. The rest of the inventory stands around the walls like a donut — compacted, stale, and going nowhere.

  • Signature: erratic, dribbling, or reduced flow — then nothing, even though the silo is heavy. Level sensors read one story, the scale reads another. Live capacity quietly shrinks to a fraction of the vessel.
  • And then: the standing material consolidates harder with time, cakes, and in some materials spoils, hardens or self-heats. Collapsing ratholes also surge — same hazard as the bridge, sideways.
  • Who gets it: funnel-flow silos on cohesive material. If your silo “holds 500 tons” but you can only ever pull 150 before it starves, you don’t have a storage problem — you have a rathole habit.

Tell them apart from the ground

ClueBridgeRathole
How flow diedSuddenly — normal one minute, zero the nextGradually — erratic, dribbling, starving the feeder
Silo weight when flow stopsAnywhere — bridge can form nearly empty or fullHeavy — most of the inventory is still standing at the walls
After a hammer blow or vibrator burstMay restore full flow at once (with a surge)Brief dribble, then stops again — the channel just re-forms
Level indicationReads material present above the outletCenter probe reads empty while weight says full
HistoryRandom events, worse with moisture or fresh compactionChronic — same silo, every time, live capacity shrinking

What actually fixes each

  • Bridges respond to energy at the right spot: air cannons fired just above the arch line, sequenced upward. Vibration is a gamble — on fine cohesive powder it can pack the arch tighter. If it isn’t flowing, stop vibrating.
  • Ratholes need the stagnant shoulder material moved, not the channel — cannons arrayed around the walls, fired in sequence to peel the donut into the flow channel. A single cannon at the cone rarely cures a chronic rathole.
  • Both, chronically: that’s a flow-pattern problem — outlet size, hopper angle, wall friction, material condition. Cleaning restores capacity; engineering keeps it. We do the cleaning with the crew on top of the vessel, never inside it, and the engineering conversation after.
Safety, bluntly: people die unplugging silos — from surge collapses, engulfment, and entering vessels that “seemed empty.” Nobody enters. Nobody works under an open outlet. If a contractor’s unplugging plan involves a man and a rod inside your vessel, get a different contractor.

Frequently asked questions

Can I tell which one I have without opening the silo?

Usually, yes — from the flow history, the weight-vs-level disagreement, and how it responds to a flow aid burst. Sudden total stops point to a bridge; chronic erratic flow with a heavy silo points to a rathole. The table above is the two-minute diagnosis.

Why does my vibrator make it worse?

Vibration compacts fine cohesive powders. On a bridge or rathole that isn't actively flowing, energy without flow just consolidates the blockage. That's the cardinal rule: flow aids assist flow — they don't create it against a consolidated mass.

How do air cannons fix a rathole if the channel is already open?

The cannons aren't aimed at the channel — they're arrayed to undermine the stagnant ring at the walls, sequenced so it sloughs into the flow channel a layer at a time. Placement and sequence matter more than raw blast force.

Our silo plugs every few months. Is that just how it is?

No. Chronic plugging means the silo's flow pattern and the material's flow properties don't match. Scheduled cleaning keeps you running, and a flow evaluation — outlet, hopper angle, wall surface, flow aids — can end the cycle rather than manage it.

Does ACT enter silos to clean them?

Our standard is whip and specialty cleaning from the top of the vessel — crew outside, capacity restored without confined-space entry. On the rare job where entry is genuinely required, it's identified in the proposal and executed under a full permit program, never improvised on site.

The ACT Group

Applied Conveyor Technology — bulk material handling experts. Dust control, conveyor services, silo cleaning, parts, and engineering.

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